In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. By 1568 most people had accepted. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . The war was going badly for England. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. It had to deal with Irish . If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Spouse: None. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Boston Spa, In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Spain and France were the major European powers. . This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. West Yorkshire, Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Save. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Boston Spa, She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. - Leith blockade. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. West Yorkshire, However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. France was at war with England and Spain. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. What were the causes of westward In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Born: 7 September 1533. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Manage Settings John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. 214 High Street, This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. VAT reg no 816865400. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. As such, I disagree with the statement. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Boston Spa, Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Boston Spa, This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. 214 High Street, A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? They began to revolt against the Spanish. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom.